PFAS Superfund and the Municipal Passive-Receiver Gap: Liability Without Exemption

EPA's 2024 designation of PFOA and PFOS as CERCLA hazardous substances means that any entity that released or arranged for disposal of these chemicals can face strict, joint and several Superfund liability. That includes municipalities, publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), airports, and fire departments that received PFAS-contaminated waste from industrial sources — as passive receivers, not generators. EPA has issued an enforcement discretion policy for these entities. But enforcement discretion is not a statutory exemption, and it can be withdrawn by any future administration without notice-and-comment rulemaking.

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OSHA's Heat Standard Gap: Federal Worker Protection Still Depends on the General Duty Clause

OSHA published a proposed rule for heat illness prevention in August 2024. No specific federal heat standard has yet taken effect. Workers in states covered by federal OSHA remain protected only by the general duty clause — a broad, less prescriptive obligation that has significant limitations as a heat enforcement tool. The gap between where rulemaking stands and where binding protection exists affects tens of millions of American workers.

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The No Surprises Act IDR Gap: Vacated Rules, Enforcement Discretion, and Unresolved Payment Disputes

Congress passed the No Surprises Act to protect patients from unexpected out-of-network bills. But the implementing regulations for its arbitration process — the independent dispute resolution (IDR) mechanism that determines what insurers actually pay providers — have been repeatedly challenged in federal court. The Fifth Circuit issued an en banc opinion in this litigation on May 30, 2025. Because the opinion's effect and subsequent agency implementation require reading the decision and current guidance together, this post does not characterize the present enforceability of individual regulatory provisions.

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After Ryan LLC: The Federal Noncompete Vacuum and the State-Law Patchwork That Replaced It

The Federal Trade Commission's 2024 noncompete rule would have created the first uniform federal prohibition on most post-employment noncompete clauses. A federal court vacated it in August 2024. The FTC dropped its appeals in September 2025. The result is a clean regulatory gap: no federal floor, no uniform standard, and a fragmented 50-jurisdiction patchwork that employers and workers must now navigate on their own.

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The PFAS Private Well Gap: Federal Drinking Water Rules Stop at the Property Line

EPA's landmark 2024 PFAS drinking water rule set enforceable federal maximum contaminant levels for the first time. But those limits apply only to public water systems. The roughly 43 million Americans who rely on private wells remain outside the regulatory perimeter — a structural gap in the Safe Drinking Water Act that EPA cannot close on its own.

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